History of Geodesy

History of Geodesy Assignment 1 History of Geodesy Complete the following timeline by providing one important figure in the history of geodesy for each designated time period. Please include their name, nationality, and scientific contribution/importance. [18 points] 600 BC 200 AD Name : Eratosthenes Nationality: Greek (Born in town of Cyrne which is now the town in Libya) Contribution: founder of Geodesy; measured size of the Earth; obliquity of spin axis; map of the world; one interconnected ocean 100 1500 AD Name : Giordano Bruno Nationality: Italian Contribution: proposed that the stars were just distant suns surrounded by their own exoplanets and raised the possibility that these planets could even foster life of their own , the universe is in fact infinite and could have no celestial body at its center, burned at the stake in Rome on February 19, 1600 for belief in heliocentric theory and other ideas 1600 AD Name : Tycho Brahe Nationality: Danish Contribution: improved observational methods; used triangulation in 1589 to determine distance to island. 1700 AD Name : Newton Nationality: British Contribution: theory of gravitation; predicted Earth should be oblate 1800 AD Name : Foucault Nationality: French Contribution: gyroscope; pendulum; demonstrated Earth spins on axis. 1900 AD Name : Einstein Nationality: German Contribution: General Theory of Relativity; concept of gravity as the geometry of space-time Provide a brief description of each of the following international geodetic organizations. At a minimum, include their website and why they are important. [8 points] International Federation of Surveyors(FIG) This international organization was established in 1878 with the aim to ensure that surveying disciplines and all those associated with surveying meet the needs of the markets and communities. This organization represents the interest of worldwide surveyors which provides an international forum for discussion and professional development. Currently, it represents more than 120 countries The vision of FIG is A modern and sustainable surveying profession in support of society, environment and economy by providing innovative, reliable and best practice solutions to our rapidly changing and complex world, acting with integrity and confidence about the usefulness of surveying, and translating these words into action. Website: www.fig.net International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics(IUGG) This international organization is dedicated to the promotion and coordination of scientific studies of earth which includes physical, chemical and mathematics study and its environment in space which includes shape, dynamics, gravity, and magnetic fields, tectonic and earthquakes etc. It was established in 1919 and is one of the 32 scientific union within International Council for Science. Website: http://www.iugg.org International Association of Geodesy(IAG) This promotes scientific cooperation and research in geodesy on a global scale. It is one of the active member of IUGG which is one of the 32 scientific union within international council for science. The mission of the Association is the advancement of geodesy. Website: http://www.iag-aig.org International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems andReference Systems Service(IERS) This international organization was established in 1987 by the international Astronomical union and the international union of Geodesy and geophysics. It was renamed to International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service in 2003.The objectives of the IERS are to serve astronomical, geodetic, and geophysical communities by providing standards, constants and models, geophysical data to interpret time /space variation, earth orientation parameters required to study earth orientation variation, and international Celestial Reference System and international Terrestrial reference system. Website: https://www.iers.org Read an article from a geodesy journal that you find interesting and provide a one to two paragraph summary of the article including a proper reference and citations. Upload a PDF of the original article to the assignment #1 drop box. [24 points] The recent discoveries of many other earth like exoplanets have raised a question about Earth being only living planet in the universe. Are there any other planets which are suitable for life to start? The requirement of life on any planet is water. Living organism cannot exist without water. Pressure and temperature on the planet should be in a specific range to get the liquid water. Pressure must be significantly higher and the temperature should be between freezing and boiling point. This condition is much more impossible in other existing planets or yet to be discovered. Various classes of habitable planets are classified where class I habitats represents Earth like planet where stellar and geophysical conditions allow water and sunlight to be available. Class II habitats do not have ability to sustain liquid water on their surface due to geophysical conditions, e.g. Mars and Venus. Class III habitats are planet where water exists below the surface which Interact directly with si licate-rich core. The interaction of silicate and hydrothermal activities are assumed to be very important for the origin of life in such planets, e.g. Europa and one of Jupiters satellites. And class IV habitats are very rich in water with oceans lying above a solid ice layer. The oceans are thought to be enclosed between ice layers where the possibility of life is very thin. The other condition to be a habitable planet is being at the right distance from a star and having the right atmosphere. It must have an atmosphere which keeps the pressure and temperature in the right range. However, the experience of mankind is not yet sufficient to estimate the nature and habitual conditions of many others planets. The Earth, in the other hand has a combination of favorable conditions among other planets for the life. It will be possible in the future to learn more about the exoplanets atmosphere because of the projects like earth-based telescopic observations, the James Webb Space telescop e. However, discovering and characterizing the atmosphere of habitable planets will remain challenging. (Forget, 2013) Reference Forget, F. (2013, July). On the probability of habitable planets. International Journal of Astrobiology, 12(3), 177-185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1473550413000128

Qualities and Skills Essay

A manager must have many skills and qualities. An ideal manager for a retail store must be able to bring out the best in others as well as themselves. A manager should be able to discipline his/her staff, working as a role model towards their staff. A good manager should also be able to commit to a task or activity. On the River Island website I found out information on special skills a manager should have to conduct his/her job successfully. An ideal manager should have good communication skills as they have to communicate with their employees, good leadership skills, are focused, able to persuade his/her employees and organised, a manager should be able to divide large tasks and activities into manageable ones. A manager with good communication skills can help to build an organised and effective team of employees. It also helps to build and manage performance of their team members, having good communication skills can benefit the maintenance of relationships between employees. It is also crucial for a manager because it allows them to deal with customer complaints limiting any negative feedback about your business. A manager should be able to be persuasive and have good organisational, leadership skills. This allows employees to feel as if they can trust their manager; they feel as if they want to be led by them not have to be. This not only helps an employee grow fond of their job but also motivates them to give 100% effort. Helping to give the business an outstanding reputation and influences more customers to buy from their store. Qualities and Skills of a Supervisor: Sometimes the manager may not be available so this is when a supervisor steps in. A supervisor has to have similar skills to a manager but supervisors are more in contact with their fellow employees. A supervisor should have good flexibility and time management as well as basic communication skills. A supervisor should be able to motivate his/her employees to perform as well as they can to help the business succeed. Good flexibility can ensure that a supervisor is responsive to changes in the work place and is not blown off by any difficult situations. For example a customer complaint, a good supervisor especially for River Island should be able to stay calm under pressure and respond quickly to difficult circumstances. This also helps to keep the reputation of the business at its highest as customers are more likely to buy from somewhere that is knowledgeable in all situations. A supervisor should be able to manage their time, by doing this it keeps the employees confident that they are being led by someone who knows what they are doing, with this employees work harder increasing productivity, customer service and revenue.

Finding the Best Essay Topics 1984

Finding the Best Essay Topics 1984 A History of Essay Topics 1984 Refuted You have to know all elements of financial topics when you choose them. Take notes concerning all prospective topics you're able to consider. Even though it's common, student has to find right to become excellent grades. The Study Problem must meet with the deadline selecting a topic that's compelling enough to sustain additional study is crucial. The Advantages of Essay Topics 1984 Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Having selected a very good topic to argue about, at this point you will need to make an argumentative essay outline. The simplest approach to pick out a persuasive essay topic is to go over a present issue. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. The legitimate leadership essay is simple to read and understand. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. For additional essay topics, students may look at the subsequent collection of ideas. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial matter to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. If you take advantage of a question, utilize the problem-then-solution format. The very first thing you ought to create a very good thesis is you ought to figure out your major arguments, which you've done while working on your topic. Each sort of thesis statement works to strengthen the purpose of the certain kind of essay. Once you choose the best topic you shall allow it to be attractive to the reader. Set your objective first, and after that think of a means to write it in an intriguing manner for your readers to relish. Next, you must think about the method on how you wish to relay it to your readers. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to earn the reader want to talk about the interesting persuasive essay topics of your pick. You will need to supply sample scenarios, along with other details to drive your point home. You should choose a topic that could be achieved in a two-year time period framework. When you settle on the subject and select the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. Figure out which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. If it's a college essay, it is critical to consider what aspects of it is going to be evaluated. One is at the ending of the introduction. Before concluding the essay, it's vital to summarise with a strong emphasis about it. It will be simpler that you compose a fantastic persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. The description of the event might include the feeling of attending a particular birthday party. Well, the most important explanation is that you already found what you're searching for and there's not any reason to visit a different site. Our objective is to ease your school studies and offer every you an opportunity to shine brighter without having redundant tension. The matter is likely unsettled because it is a difficult one. Be clear in your thoughts about the point you wish to make. When you're picking your topic, try to remember that it's much simpler to write about something that you presently have interest ineven in the event you don't know a great deal about it. Consider an instance of how you can better your speaking via an illustration of a single change in the manner in which you believe.

How Athens Played a Significant Role in Greek History

Essay on Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid - 2070 Words

Abstract: The objective of the experiment was to prepare Benzilic acid by multistep synthesis starting with benzaldehyde. In this setup however, product of the first step, Benzoin, is provided thereby omitting the first step involving the conversion of benzaldehyde. For this experiment, the microscale techniques of reflux, crystallization, and melting-point determination were used. Utilizing these techniques a product yield of 93% for benzil and 57% for Benzilic acid was obtained, as well as a melting point range of 94.8 – 95.4oC for benzil and 152.0 – 153.9oC for Benzilic acid. With the literature melting-point value of benzil being 95oC ( Pavia, 2012), the product was deemed of pure enough quality to be used in the preparation of†¦show more content†¦Procedure To prepare Benzil, .30g of Benzoin was placed in a 5-mL conical vial with 1.5mL of concentrated nitric acid. With the addition of a spin vane and attachment of an air condenser, the mixture was heated and stirred for an hour in a hot water bath at 70oC. The red nitrogen oxide gases were allowed to evolve completely before the air condenser was detached and the mixture was transferred to a beaker containing 4mL ice-cold water then cooled via ice bath. The crude product was then collected and washed with 5mL cold water through vacuum filtration. The weighed product was then transferred and dissolved with hot 95% ethanol in another flask over light heat. Once dissolved completely, the flask was removed from heat, seeded, and then allowed to cool first at room temperature, than in an ice-bath. Following crystallization, the product was collected and rinsed with 95% ethanol vacuum filtration for 5 minutes. After air-drying, the dry benzil was weighed and a melting point was taken. To rearrange into Benzilic acid, .100g of benzil and 95% ethanol was mixed into a 3mL conical vial. Following the addition of a spin vane and attachment of an air condenser, the mixture was heated with an aluminum block at 95oC. After dissolving completely, .25mL of aqueous potassium hydroxide was added and gently boiled at 110oC with stirring for 15 minutes. The brown mixture was transferred to a beaker,Show MoreRelatedMultistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid2109 Words   |  9 PagesMulti-Step Synthesis of Benzilic Acid from Benzoin Abstract: The main purpose of this experiment was to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone, utilizing a mild and selective oxidizing agent. In addition, this converted alpha diketone was then subjected to rearrangement to a carboxylate salt, then acidification, to produce an alpha-hydroxyacid. In this experiment, benzoin was used and converted into benzil, which was then used to synthesize benzillic acid. The yields were not ideal: .081g of benzil-Read MoreEssay about Synthesis of Benzilic Acid1107 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis of benzilic acid from benzoin utilizing a multi-step reaction. Names: Arian Karim TA Name: Sayantan Das Lab Day amp; Time: Thursday 7:30-11:40 Lab Section #: Abstract The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize benzilic acid from benzoin. This requires a multistep synthesis with benzyl as an intermediate product. The first step required HNO3 as an oxidizing agent and the second step required KOH and HCl. The percentage yields of benzil and benzilic acid were 59.5%

Film Review of Apocalypto Free Essays

1. Make a film review of the film focusing on the major aspects of Maya culture: a) Major characters in the film: * Jaguar Paw- son of Flint Sky * Flint Sky- leader of the village * Seven- wife of Jaguar Paw * Turtles Run- little son of Jaguar Paw * Zero Wolf- leader of the Mayan tribe who ravaged the village of Jaguar Paw * Middle Eye- son of Zero Wolf, he is almost killed by Jaguar Paw b) Aspects of Maya culture -Mayans practice human sacrifice for their gods to hear their prayers. Mayans capture other royalties from other tribes for them to sacrifice. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Review of Apocalypto or any similar topic only for you Order Now The high priests cut the breasts of the captives to get the beating heart before beheading them. They offer the beating heart to their gods. The Mayans also practice slavery. c) Factors that brought the downfall of Mayan civilization. -The first possibility that brought the downfall of the civilization is drought, due to lack of water; they cannot plant crops including their main crop, the maize. The second possibility is that rulers felt that their power is failing so they offer more and more human sacrifices to the point that they get captives from their own tribe. 2. Try to explain the following: a) The opening quote at the start of the film: â€Å"A great civilization is not conquered from without until it has destroyed itself from within† —W. Durant -For me, the quote states that a great civilization or tribe can only be conquered if people from within will destroy it. People that are settling in that certain tribe will always be the one who can destroy a prosperous tribe because they know what is the strength and the weakness of their place. b) The message relayed/conveyed by the arrival of Spanish ships in the end of the film. -I think Spanish conquistadors will use the â€Å"spread of Christianity† because they carry a cross. They will befriend the Mayans and they will let them be treated by them as their friends. How to cite Film Review of Apocalypto, Essay examples

Academic Integrity in Higher Education Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Plagiarism. Answer: Introduction Plagiarism is one of the emerging issues the academic world and has proved to be a major problem in many learning institutions. It is an integrity issue. The internet has accelerated the problem. The internet carries so much information and from different sources. Many students rely on the internet to do their assignments (Nguyen 2014). The information gotten from the internet is not always authentic because not all digital articles are duly published. Plagiarism not only compromises the copyrights but also affect the academic abilities of the students because they do not engage in meaningful learning. This reflection will cover three example cases of plagiarism to demonstrate the magnitude of the problem. Analysis Plagiarism case 1: Internet plagiarism stirs University of Virginia McMurtry (2001) defines plagiarism as academic theft. Literature is stolen, falsified and counterfeited in a manner that can be considered to be piracy or fraud. Ludo et al. (2012), also define plagiarism using others' work without properly acknowledging them and the source. A senior student at Ohio University, Ms. Allison Routman, was charged with plagiarism. The student wanted to become a team member of the Sea program that is being organized by the University of Virginia. To do that, she went ahead and watched one film about the shipboard life and went a step further to write a paper about it. She did consult the Wikipedia for some historic terminologies. Before submission, her supervisor did ask that each and every student to make a personal and honest confession that they didn't copy the film. She did not know at some point she will be accused of academic dishonesty. Because of the terms that she had used in her article, her supervisor had become suspicious that she might have plagiarized. Even though she tried to argue that she was innocent, her application was declined (Yuliya, D 2017). According to the UVA policy, as argued by her professor, "there is no specific punishment for academic violators; all those involved must be expelled." The student was immediately disembarked from her program just of the accusation concerning the terminologies that she was innocent about. This revelation shades some important point for further discussion before the students are punished. Some plagiarism cases might not be intentional. Plagiarism case 2: Nine students expelled because of plagiarism at Deakin University In 2012, nine students of Deakin University from Victoria were expelled for plagiarizing. The statement by the deputy dean, school of Business and Law, Professor Chris Kelly, said that scandal involved 100 students were investigated. There were widespread inconsistencies and irregularities in the group assignment that was assigned to the students. Because of that, the University did a thorough investigation into the conduct which found 30 were found to have the case to answer. The students were subjected to detailed hearing by the Senate and university deans. After the completion of the hearings, it was confirmed that nine students were guilty of the offense. However, the university declined to comment about the outcome of the other 21 students. Kelly commented that academic misconduct was becoming a big challenge affect virtually all universities in the world. He went further to hold that the all those that were involved needed to be observed in the context of all the 14,500 student s enrolled in the faculty of business and law. Mr. Owen Wrangle told the BBC that the problem was enhanced by the overseas university students who purchased their essays from dominant online essay websites. The International Educational Association of Australia did accept that it was becoming a challenge to curb the crime in the universities. This is because it was difficult to track the sources where the materials were coming from (Ross, J 2012). The Association went further to highlight that to state the many learning institutions in Australia have invested greatly in terms of time and financial resources in buying plagiarism software and other search engines as well supervisory checking and even in exam marking. Worrying, however, is the fact the tracking has not been the best science to deal with the same and therefore creating little meaningful outcome (Grove, 2014). Plagiarism case 3: Harvard University According to Ludo et al. (2012), people share their views, opinions, mind and feelings as well as emotions in distinct ways. In so doing, they have the right to have their ideas and opinions respected and protected from those considered to be lazy persons. It may not necessarily be a crime against the law but act in the academic world. Students present other people's academic work as their own to be awarded a mark and a grade. This form mostly happens when a student copy and paste some parts of an article from different sources to compile their work for submission (Ludo et al. 2012). This kind of behavior is a sign of serious irresponsibility by the student completely on other authors work. In addition to this, students also engage in plagiarism by rewriting other peoples work without citing the source. An example of 279 students of Government 1310 in the Harvard University also demonstrates how the evil is highly rooted. Professor Harris lamented the magnitude of the case that was u nprecedented. Serious similarities were noticed in all almost all the students assignments taking the unit (Rebecca, 2012). After a thorough investigation, it was established that most of the students got a material online and shared among all of them. After the further interrogation, one student who did not want to be named said it was a class collaboration to enable them to pass the unit. In establishing that, the university did give 25 percent mark of the final mark and therefore had to undertake more exams to be confirmed for a pass. The investigation further revealed that the students were given an assignment with one day to submit. However, no single student could figure out what the assignment was all about. After wide deliberations, the student agreed to advise from one of the professors in a renowned American university. The students did go ahead and share the content without changing many of the parts; several areas of the assignments were similar. This confirms that stude nts also engaged in the academic crime because they either have little time to do the assignments or they completely dont understand what the assignments are about and as such seeking assistance from other academic sources (Nguyen 2014). Now, having understood this, it is important to point out that plagiarism, by all means, is an "academic virus" that needs to be treated. With that in mind, therefore, one could consider the following to be appropriate measures to deal with the mischief: First and foremost, according to McMurthry (2001), it is important for the professors to plan their assignments on time and give students enough time to do their assignments and provide specific solutions. This is from the planning perspective and cannot ultimately ensure original since there those who will still cheat. From the technical viewpoint, the easiest way to detect and punish the offenders is by using the technology detecting tools (Grove, 2014). Conclusion From the analysis, it is important to point out that plagiarism is a serious change facing the academic world today. It is a moral issue because one decides to do it by conscious. Yes, it has noted that there are reasons that induce one to engage in plagiarism but that do not make one break the law and good morals. Plagiarism is more of an ethical as opposed to an academic issue. By fighting the vice from academic perspective alone, it will be a futile exercise. The students need to be positive about learning and the need to understand the best practices that can make one an all-around person. References Bowdoin 2017, Office of the Dean of Student Affairs: The Common Types of Plagiarism, available at https://www.bowdoin.edu/studentaffairs/academic-honesty/common-types.shtml(accessed on May 2nd, 2017) Coughlan, S., 2008. University cheats 'not expelled.' [Online], Available at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/7434277.stm [Accessed 2nd May 2017]. Grove, L 2014, Malcolm Gladwells Plagiarism Problem. [Online] Available at: https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/11/malcolm-gladwell-s-plagiarism-problem.html, [Accessed 2nd May 2017]. Ludo, V, Tams H, and Nikolaos, P 2012, Pitfalls of Publications: On the Sensitive Issue of Plagiarism, Automation Magazine, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 85-87, Available on https://www.ieee-ras.org/publications/plagarism-and-ethical-issues, (accessed on May 2nd, 2017) McMurtry, K 2001, E-cheating: Combating a 21st-century challenge. The Journal of Technological Horizons in Education, 29(4), 36. Nguyen, T 2014, Malcolm Gladwell Accused of Serial Plagiarism. [Online] Available at: https://www.mediaite.com/online/malcolm-gladwell-accused-of-serial-plagiarism-kind-of/, [Accessed 2nd May 2017]. Rebecca, DR 2012, Harvard Investigates "Unprecedented" Academic Dishonesty Case: Nearly half of more than 250 students in "Introduction to Congress" are under investigation, CRIMSON, August 30, 2012, (online), available on https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/8/30/academic-dishonesty-ad-board/Ross, J 2012, Nine expelled for plagiarism at Deakin, The Australian, October 6th, 2012, available online https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/nine-expelled-for-plagiarism-at-deakin/news-story/60f3695e425d998293fb27eebb369d5e, accessed on 3rd May 2017. Standler, R. (2000). Plagiarism in Colleges in the USA. Retrieved September 18, 2006, from https://www.rbs2.com/plag.htm, (accessed on May 2nd, 2017) THE DIAMONDBACK 2017, School of Public Policy: Academic dishonesty reports skyrocketed last year, (online), available on https://www.dbknews.com/2016/09/09/academic-dishonesty-reports-increase/, accessed on May 2nd, 2017. TheGuardian 2016, Mexico President Enrique Pea Nieto plagiarized thesis for law degree: report, Monday 22 August 2016 21.06BST, (online), available on https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/22/mexico-president-enrique-pena-nieto-plagiarized-thesis-law-degree Yuliya, D 2017, 3 Examples of Plagiarism in Renowned Universities You Didnt Know, available online, https://unplag.com/blog/3-examples-of-plagiarism-in-renowned-universities, accessed on 3rd May 2017