The Eureka Stockade free essay sample

Conditions on the gold fields, unfair laws, racism, anti-British attitudes and the miner’s license, played a huge part in causing the Eureka Rebellion to take place. The miners’ eventually grew tired of the unfair laws and living conditions, so they built the Eureka Stockade and gathered firearms, in an attempt to fight for their rights and liberties. During the early morning of December 3rd 1854, the authorities launched an attack on the stockade. The miners’ fought back fervently, but their basic weapons and determination was no match for the military’s vast numbers and fierce weaponry. Even though the revolt itself was a military failure, the miners’ rebellion led to personal and political benefits for many Australians. The Eureka Stockade was a bloody but essential part of Australian history. It played a vital role in the development of democracy and personal identity within Australia. The rebellion was caused by a number of issues within the gold fields. We will write a custom essay sample on The Eureka Stockade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The miners were suffering from a number of injustices. They had no political rights; they were not allowed to vote in elections nor were they entitled to a representative in the Legislative Council, and they were treated unjustly by the blatantly brutal and corrupt government officials. However, their main grievance was the excessive and overpriced gold mining license, which cost thirty shillings each month to renew. Most of the miners’ found it nearly impossible to pay the ridiculously priced mining fee and still meet the cost of living, on the scarce and barely sufficient amount of money they had. The miners’ were required to carry their licenses with them at all times, if they were found without their license they could be fined or imprisoned. The dreaded â€Å"License Hunts† were soon brought in. License Hunts gave police the liberty to check a miner’s license at random. Those found without a license were liable to severe fines and unjust imprisonment and punishment. Most of the police were unsatisfactory, as many of them were ex-convicts and guards; because of this many of the officers were inclined to violence and brutality during a License Hunt. The officers’ brutality and unjust behaviour further infuriated the miners and made the Ballarat Gold-Fields’ police subject to much hatred. Corrupt Officialdom was a heady problem on the gold fields. In one instance, a group of men beat a drunken Scottish digger to death, the group included local publican James Bentley. James was a friend of the local magistrate; because of this he and the other three men escaped persecution. The miners were appalled. A group of three miners went to Bentley’s hotel and burnt it to the ground in defiance. It was not too soon after that the men were charged with arson. On the 11th of November 1854, ten thousand miners met to demand the release of the three men, the right for all males to vote and the abolition of the miners license; this meeting led to the formation of the Ballarat Reform League. Several of the Reform League leaders had also been involved with the Chartist movement in England. On the 29th of November of that same year, twelve thousand people at Bakery Hill watched as the Southern Cross flag, otherwise known as the Eureka Flag, was unveiled for the first time. The flag became the symbol of their struggle; the miners burned their licenses and fired shots into the air under the flag in an act of triumph and defiance. The next day, under the governance of an Irishman, Peter Lalor, a smaller but determined group swore the oath under the Eureka flag. â€Å"We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties† – The Miners Oath The small group of miners, marched to the Eureka Lead and forged wooden barricades, to form what is now famously known as the Eureka Stockade. The uthorities, despising the miners’ rebellion, called in reinforcements from Melbourne and prepared their attack. After two days of leaving the miners unharmed in their stockade, heavily armed soldiers and police attacked the stockade on Sunday the 3rd of December 1854. The miners were unprepared and caught off guard; they fought with determination and courage, but were outnumbered and outgunned. Although th e miners lost the battle, ultimately the war was won. Twenty-Two of the miners were left dead, and a further 125 miners were taken prisoner, many being severely wounded. The authorities only suffered from six casualties, being police officers and troopers. An estimation of 120 miners were arrested after the Stockade, many of them being innocent. However, thirteen of them were charged with High Treason, despite the evidence against them, not a single one of the miners were found guilty. Peter Lalor, the leader of the revolt, and a few other men from the rebellion, managed to escape the scene. Lalor’s left arm which was badly wounded from gunshot wounds was eventually amputated. When Hotham’s Royal Commission Report was finally handed down it assessed all aspects of the administration on the gold fields. The report made several major recommendations including the abolition of the miners license, cuts on the amount of police, the replacement of gold commissioners and the restriction on Chinese immigration. According to Blainey, It was perhaps the most generous concession offered by a governor to a major opponent in the history of Australia up to that time. The members of the commission were appointed before Eureka they were men who were likely to be sympathetic to the diggers. Peter Lalor and the other rebels, who had escaped from the Stockade, came out of hiding after a general amnesty was proclaimed on the 9th of May 1855. Lalor then wrote a statement to the Colonists of Victoria stating, There are two things connected with the late outbreak (The Eureka Stockade) which I deeply regret. The first is, that we shouldn’t have been forced to take up arms at all; and the second is, that when we were compelled to take the field in our own defence, we were unable (through want of arms, ammunition and a little organisation) to inflict on the real authors of the outbreak the punishment they so richly deserved. In 1855 Lalor had become the first Member of the Legislative Council, for the seat of Ballarat. The miners in Ballarat were given eight representatives in Parliament. During one of Lalor’s speeches in the Legislative Council in 1856 he said, I would ask these gentlemen what they mean by the term democracy. Do they mean Chartism or Republicanism? If so, I never was, I am not now, nor do I ever intend to be a democrat. But if a democrat means opposition to a tyrannical press, a tyrannical people, or a tyrannical government, then I have been, I am still, and will ever remain a democrat. Lalor was later elected to the New Legislative Assembly in1856, and then went on to be elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in 1880. The Eureka Stockade influenced Australia greatly. Even though the short term benefits of Eureka were only mildly beneficial, the long term results have drastically changed and shaped Australia. The Eureka Stockade was the foundation stone of democracy in Australia, with some even arguing that Australian democracy was born at Eureka. Eureka also saw the beginning of Australia becoming its own, independent nation, without having strong ties to the British. It gave many ordinary, working-class peoples the same rights as those who were born in to wealth and power.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility is a corporate incentive to assess the company’s effect on the environment and social welfare and take responsibility for the impact it makes. Corporate social responsible corporations go above the required regulations and want to improve and better the environment or world. This kind of responsibility includes possibly adding extra costs to create positive social and environmental change. Businesses that practice corporate social responsibility, are essentially making ethical decisions about how to run the business and caring about others. Not only should the business care about their consumers, but everyone that comes in contact with the business. They should care about their employees, stakeholders, and consumers alike. The benefit of adopting corporate social responsibility is standing out amongst other corporations. Showing the corporations true integrity will get positive feedback from consumers. Some consum ers demand responsible companies not just prefer them. Corporate social responsibility can definitely draw in consumers and help increase business. The corporation that stands out to me as far as social responsibility goes, is Walt Disney Company. Walt Disney Company started in 1923 as Walter Disney and his brother Roy, created the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. The first nine years, the company had its ups and downs. They went through a pitfall in distribution rights. The creation of Mickey Mouse saved the company and won over the hearts of many people. By 1932, the Disney Company started winning awards. The years 1950 through 1955, more progress was made for the Disney brothers. They created their first live-action film, Treasure Island, and began several television series. One of those series is known as The Mickey Mouse Club. They continued as far as opening the first California Disney theme park, Disneyland. Disney rose in popularity and moved into a wider market. Today, Walt Disney Company is still striving for excellence in everything that they do. They hold specific standards for the company which are not only business standards, but ethics standards as well. It’s the Company’s intent to instill knowledge and train to act ethically through the compliance training for all new employees of Disney. I believe that this company holds high expectations for everything they do and genuinely care about those they effect. This makes them a great example of a corporate social responsible company. Some of the things that I see that make them responsible are those consumers necessarily might not see just by going to the theme parks or watching the films. The ethical employee training knowledge and the above and beyond safety measures it reaches shows me that they care about their consumers and employees. Training their employees the way of ethical actions is important to make sure the right thing is always done. The safety measures that Disney promot es is internet safety for online interactive games for children and also product safety. All Disney products produced are required to go through an independent third-party safety tests to insure proper manufacture and accuracy. Disney also host extensive, original interactive content from trusted brands, and

5)'There is very little justice in the Criminal Justice System.' Essay

5)'There is very little justice in the Criminal Justice System.' Discuss - Essay Example The principle of criminal law is to offer the particular definition of what makes up a crime and to stipulate punishments for committing such a crime (Harr et al, 2012:15). No criminal law can be legitimate unless it includes both of these factors. The focus of criminal justice is, mainly concerned with the enforcement of criminal law. The National Archives, UK, deem that the chief objectives of the Criminal Justice System are to deliver justice for the inhabitants. This is done by the punishing and convicting the guilty, while aiding them to stop offending, at the same time protecting the innocent. The CJS in the UK is liable crime prevention and maintenance of justice, as well as other court duties including the collection of fines. The main functions of Criminal Justice Systems are the same all over the world, and their procedure for delivering justice are somewhat the same (The national archives 2010). On a global platform, we have the International Criminal Justice that specializes in International criminal law, which deals with individuals who are held responsible for crimes such as aggression, genocide, slavery, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and torture. Subsequent to World Wars one and two, the notion of an individual being held criminally accountable in an international field came into focus, predo minantly after the tribunals in Nuremberg that revealed Nazi leadership. Nowadays, many individuals who commit international crimes are prosecuted in international tribunals and mostly in the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Rome Statute created the ICC, which started operations on the 1st of July 2002. The ICC is governed by international laws, to provide justice for international crimes like genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression (Bekou & Cryer, 2004:26). It was projected to complement existing national judicial systems, and it can only

Law that Protect Refugees in the United States Essay

Law that Protect Refugees in the United States - Essay Example Vast migration across the globe characterises the modern world. By 2000, 175 million people lived outside their place of birth: 158 million of these were urban migrants; 16 million were refugees and 900 000 were asylum seekers (Boyle, 2004). In 2005, the United Nations reported that there were more than 190 million international migrants, about 3% of the world’s population (UNHCR website, 2011). Since the current world population, 6 billion approximately, is too large to be compared to the population at any other time in history, unique problems exist. Countries no longer have complete control of their populations. Regional organizations, international non-governmental organizations or movements, multinational companies and even criminal organizations effectively are independent of state boundaries and often national laws (IR Theory Homepage, 2011). Religious, ethnic, cultural and even gender identities form international communities, not tied to single countries (Anderson, 20 04). Refugees, fleeing their countries of birth due to war, famine, and oppression arrive in the USA, and in other mainly Western countries, every day, hoping to be protected by the democratic systems of these countries. International law clearly determines the rights and protection that must be given to refugees, who are forced to leave their country of birth (Akehurst, 1976). USA Federal law honors the right of asylum of people wanting to migrate to the USA, in line with the many international treaties and agreements which have been signed by the USA, following the rules of international law. About one-tenth of annual immigrants to the USA per year are refugees. Since 1980, more than two million refugees have settled in the USA (Human Rights USA website, 2011). According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted as a Protocol by the United Nations in 1967, a refugee is a person outside his/her country of nationality, who fears persecution if he/she returns to their home state. This persecution must be due to one or more conditions called â€Å"protected grounds† by the United Nations Protocol. So, a refugee is someone who is likely to be persecuted in a home country due to race, nationality, religion, political opinion and membership of a social group, such as a religion. All countries that signed this agreement are required to give asylum to refugees, and the USA is a signatory of this agreement (The UNO, 1966). Within the USA, the Refugee Act of 1981 was passed by the USA Congress to expand the laws already agreed to in the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Human Rights USA website, 2011). Currently, the handling of refugees in the USA is the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Department of Homeland Security. Once the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees has indicated that refugee status is necessary, as defined in the paragraph above, USA authorities will most likel y accept that status, and begin to process the individuals or groups as refugees. In the USA, the criteria include someone who is â€Å"unable or unwilling to return because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution† in their home country (CIS website, 2011). According to the UNHCR (website, 2011) about 8.4 million people worldwide could be classified as refugees. These refugees tend to originate in West Africa, Central Asia, South West Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. Within USA law, refugees must satisfy the same

History of Geodesy

History of Geodesy Assignment 1 History of Geodesy Complete the following timeline by providing one important figure in the history of geodesy for each designated time period. Please include their name, nationality, and scientific contribution/importance. [18 points] 600 BC 200 AD Name : Eratosthenes Nationality: Greek (Born in town of Cyrne which is now the town in Libya) Contribution: founder of Geodesy; measured size of the Earth; obliquity of spin axis; map of the world; one interconnected ocean 100 1500 AD Name : Giordano Bruno Nationality: Italian Contribution: proposed that the stars were just distant suns surrounded by their own exoplanets and raised the possibility that these planets could even foster life of their own , the universe is in fact infinite and could have no celestial body at its center, burned at the stake in Rome on February 19, 1600 for belief in heliocentric theory and other ideas 1600 AD Name : Tycho Brahe Nationality: Danish Contribution: improved observational methods; used triangulation in 1589 to determine distance to island. 1700 AD Name : Newton Nationality: British Contribution: theory of gravitation; predicted Earth should be oblate 1800 AD Name : Foucault Nationality: French Contribution: gyroscope; pendulum; demonstrated Earth spins on axis. 1900 AD Name : Einstein Nationality: German Contribution: General Theory of Relativity; concept of gravity as the geometry of space-time Provide a brief description of each of the following international geodetic organizations. At a minimum, include their website and why they are important. [8 points] International Federation of Surveyors(FIG) This international organization was established in 1878 with the aim to ensure that surveying disciplines and all those associated with surveying meet the needs of the markets and communities. This organization represents the interest of worldwide surveyors which provides an international forum for discussion and professional development. Currently, it represents more than 120 countries The vision of FIG is A modern and sustainable surveying profession in support of society, environment and economy by providing innovative, reliable and best practice solutions to our rapidly changing and complex world, acting with integrity and confidence about the usefulness of surveying, and translating these words into action. Website: www.fig.net International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics(IUGG) This international organization is dedicated to the promotion and coordination of scientific studies of earth which includes physical, chemical and mathematics study and its environment in space which includes shape, dynamics, gravity, and magnetic fields, tectonic and earthquakes etc. It was established in 1919 and is one of the 32 scientific union within International Council for Science. Website: http://www.iugg.org International Association of Geodesy(IAG) This promotes scientific cooperation and research in geodesy on a global scale. It is one of the active member of IUGG which is one of the 32 scientific union within international council for science. The mission of the Association is the advancement of geodesy. Website: http://www.iag-aig.org International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems andReference Systems Service(IERS) This international organization was established in 1987 by the international Astronomical union and the international union of Geodesy and geophysics. It was renamed to International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service in 2003.The objectives of the IERS are to serve astronomical, geodetic, and geophysical communities by providing standards, constants and models, geophysical data to interpret time /space variation, earth orientation parameters required to study earth orientation variation, and international Celestial Reference System and international Terrestrial reference system. Website: https://www.iers.org Read an article from a geodesy journal that you find interesting and provide a one to two paragraph summary of the article including a proper reference and citations. Upload a PDF of the original article to the assignment #1 drop box. [24 points] The recent discoveries of many other earth like exoplanets have raised a question about Earth being only living planet in the universe. Are there any other planets which are suitable for life to start? The requirement of life on any planet is water. Living organism cannot exist without water. Pressure and temperature on the planet should be in a specific range to get the liquid water. Pressure must be significantly higher and the temperature should be between freezing and boiling point. This condition is much more impossible in other existing planets or yet to be discovered. Various classes of habitable planets are classified where class I habitats represents Earth like planet where stellar and geophysical conditions allow water and sunlight to be available. Class II habitats do not have ability to sustain liquid water on their surface due to geophysical conditions, e.g. Mars and Venus. Class III habitats are planet where water exists below the surface which Interact directly with si licate-rich core. The interaction of silicate and hydrothermal activities are assumed to be very important for the origin of life in such planets, e.g. Europa and one of Jupiters satellites. And class IV habitats are very rich in water with oceans lying above a solid ice layer. The oceans are thought to be enclosed between ice layers where the possibility of life is very thin. The other condition to be a habitable planet is being at the right distance from a star and having the right atmosphere. It must have an atmosphere which keeps the pressure and temperature in the right range. However, the experience of mankind is not yet sufficient to estimate the nature and habitual conditions of many others planets. The Earth, in the other hand has a combination of favorable conditions among other planets for the life. It will be possible in the future to learn more about the exoplanets atmosphere because of the projects like earth-based telescopic observations, the James Webb Space telescop e. However, discovering and characterizing the atmosphere of habitable planets will remain challenging. (Forget, 2013) Reference Forget, F. (2013, July). On the probability of habitable planets. International Journal of Astrobiology, 12(3), 177-185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1473550413000128

Qualities and Skills Essay

A manager must have many skills and qualities. An ideal manager for a retail store must be able to bring out the best in others as well as themselves. A manager should be able to discipline his/her staff, working as a role model towards their staff. A good manager should also be able to commit to a task or activity. On the River Island website I found out information on special skills a manager should have to conduct his/her job successfully. An ideal manager should have good communication skills as they have to communicate with their employees, good leadership skills, are focused, able to persuade his/her employees and organised, a manager should be able to divide large tasks and activities into manageable ones. A manager with good communication skills can help to build an organised and effective team of employees. It also helps to build and manage performance of their team members, having good communication skills can benefit the maintenance of relationships between employees. It is also crucial for a manager because it allows them to deal with customer complaints limiting any negative feedback about your business. A manager should be able to be persuasive and have good organisational, leadership skills. This allows employees to feel as if they can trust their manager; they feel as if they want to be led by them not have to be. This not only helps an employee grow fond of their job but also motivates them to give 100% effort. Helping to give the business an outstanding reputation and influences more customers to buy from their store. Qualities and Skills of a Supervisor: Sometimes the manager may not be available so this is when a supervisor steps in. A supervisor has to have similar skills to a manager but supervisors are more in contact with their fellow employees. A supervisor should have good flexibility and time management as well as basic communication skills. A supervisor should be able to motivate his/her employees to perform as well as they can to help the business succeed. Good flexibility can ensure that a supervisor is responsive to changes in the work place and is not blown off by any difficult situations. For example a customer complaint, a good supervisor especially for River Island should be able to stay calm under pressure and respond quickly to difficult circumstances. This also helps to keep the reputation of the business at its highest as customers are more likely to buy from somewhere that is knowledgeable in all situations. A supervisor should be able to manage their time, by doing this it keeps the employees confident that they are being led by someone who knows what they are doing, with this employees work harder increasing productivity, customer service and revenue.

Finding the Best Essay Topics 1984

Finding the Best Essay Topics 1984 A History of Essay Topics 1984 Refuted You have to know all elements of financial topics when you choose them. Take notes concerning all prospective topics you're able to consider. Even though it's common, student has to find right to become excellent grades. The Study Problem must meet with the deadline selecting a topic that's compelling enough to sustain additional study is crucial. The Advantages of Essay Topics 1984 Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Having selected a very good topic to argue about, at this point you will need to make an argumentative essay outline. The simplest approach to pick out a persuasive essay topic is to go over a present issue. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. The legitimate leadership essay is simple to read and understand. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. For additional essay topics, students may look at the subsequent collection of ideas. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial matter to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. If you take advantage of a question, utilize the problem-then-solution format. The very first thing you ought to create a very good thesis is you ought to figure out your major arguments, which you've done while working on your topic. Each sort of thesis statement works to strengthen the purpose of the certain kind of essay. Once you choose the best topic you shall allow it to be attractive to the reader. Set your objective first, and after that think of a means to write it in an intriguing manner for your readers to relish. Next, you must think about the method on how you wish to relay it to your readers. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to earn the reader want to talk about the interesting persuasive essay topics of your pick. You will need to supply sample scenarios, along with other details to drive your point home. You should choose a topic that could be achieved in a two-year time period framework. When you settle on the subject and select the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. Figure out which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. If it's a college essay, it is critical to consider what aspects of it is going to be evaluated. One is at the ending of the introduction. Before concluding the essay, it's vital to summarise with a strong emphasis about it. It will be simpler that you compose a fantastic persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. The description of the event might include the feeling of attending a particular birthday party. Well, the most important explanation is that you already found what you're searching for and there's not any reason to visit a different site. Our objective is to ease your school studies and offer every you an opportunity to shine brighter without having redundant tension. The matter is likely unsettled because it is a difficult one. Be clear in your thoughts about the point you wish to make. When you're picking your topic, try to remember that it's much simpler to write about something that you presently have interest ineven in the event you don't know a great deal about it. Consider an instance of how you can better your speaking via an illustration of a single change in the manner in which you believe.